Antenna interface for radio frequency identification circuit

ABSTRACT

Systems, methods, and other embodiments associated with radio frequency identification (RFID) circuits are described. According to one embodiment, a radio frequency identification circuit includes an antenna network and an integrated circuit configured to operate as a reader and a tag in combination with the antenna network. The integrated circuit is configured to provide an output admittance determined by a ratio of current and voltage negative feedback signals such that a frequency response of the combined integrated circuit and antenna network is adjustable when operating as a reader.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent disclosure is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.13/648,406 filed on Oct. 10, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,847,735 whichclaims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional ApplicationSer. No. 61/546,354, filed Oct. 12, 2011, which is incorporated hereinby reference in its entirety for all purposes.

BACKGROUND

The background description provided herein is for the purpose ofgenerally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of thepresently named inventor(s), to the extent the work is described in thisbackground section, as well as aspects of the description that may nototherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neitherexpressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the presentdisclosure.

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) provides for communication viaradio waves to transfer stored data from a tag to a reader. A reader isconfigured to transmit radio frequency waves (RF) to a tag to collectdata from the tag, and the tag may be configured to transfer stored datato the reader by modulating the transmitted RF in a manor detectable andunderstood by the reader. A tag configured to modulate transmitted RF istypically powered by the transmitted RF and is typically notself-powered, such as by a battery or the like. Alternatively, a tag maybe configured to independently transmit RF back to the reader after thetag detects a known RF signal transmitted by a reader if the tag isself-powered. Because RFID uses radio waves for communication, the tagand the reader do not have to contact one another. This non-contactcommunication of RFID contrasts the typical communication between a cardwith a magnetic stripe (mag stripe) and a mag stripe reader where themag stripe of the card is run through the mag stripe reader so that apick-up coil or the like in the mag stripe reader can read informationencoded in the mag stripe. This non-contact communication of RFID alsocontrasts with the typical communication between a smart card and asmart card reader where the electrical contacts on the smart card makeelectrical contact with corresponding electrical contacts on the smartcard reader so that the smart card reader can read or write informationon the smart card.

Due to the non-contact communication of RFID, numerous applications havebeen developed for this technology. The applications often center arounda reader being able to identify a tag as being unique by collectingunique information stored in the tag, for example, in a semiconductormemory. For example, tags are often used in employee badges, which areprovided to employees of a company so that an employee may hold heremploy badge up to a reader to gain entry to the company's buildings.People without a tag encoded with the particular unique information foraccessing the company's building will generally be denied entry to thecompany's buildings by the reader, which would not collect theparticular unique information for building entry. The foregoing exampleof employees gaining secure entry to a building is one example of a moregeneral application of access control.

In addition to access control, RFID is also used for the identificationof products, automobiles, animals, and are used for electronic passportsand electronic ticketing. For example, via the detection of products onstore's shelves where the products include tags, a relatively quick andaccurate inventory of products may be taken.

Additional applications of RFID include banking applications,applications for making purchases, reading tags embedded in smartposters and the like. For these additional applications a mobile device(e.g., a smart phone, a personal digital assistant, an iPod like device,etc.) may include a reader and a tag. For example, a mobile device thatincludes a reader may be configured to read a tag in a smart poster anddisplay a website associated with the smart poster. Alternatively, amobile device's tag may be read by a reader external to the mobiledevice for a purchase that the user of the mobile device is making andthe reader may affect a charge to the user's bank account for thepurchase.

Near field communication (NFC) is one particular type of RFID where theinteraction distances between a reader and a tag are relatively short,for example, up to about 3 centimeters. The relatively shortcommunication lengths of NFC provide one measure of security from a tagbeing read surreptitiously by a fraudulent user. Therefore, NFC isparticularly well suited for use for applications requiring high levelsof security, such as the exchange of personal health information,pairing devices (e.g., pairing a headset to a mobile device, pairing twomobile devices, etc.), banking transactions, consumer purchases, orother monetary transactions.

One goal of the standardization organizations that set the standards forRFID and NFC is that a reader and a tag in a mobile device share anantenna. One reason for this goal is to minimize the number of antennasin a mobile device so that interference between the often numerousantennas in mobile devices may be minimized. For example, a typicalsmart phone may include a radio frequency (RF) antenna for mobiletelephone type communications (e.g., voice, messaging, etc.), a WiFiantenna for Internet type communications, a BlueTooth antenna, and a GPSantenna for GPS type communications. Providing one antenna for a readerand a tag limits the design considerations for reducing antennainterference. Further, providing that a reader and a tag share anantenna in a mobile device limits the number of electronic componentsincluded in the mobile device and thereby limits the cost ofmanufacturing the mobile device.

A number of design objectives and concerns exist for a reader and a tagsharing an antenna in a mobile device. For example, one design providesa single integrated circuit (the single integrated circuit is referredto herein as the “IC”) configured to operate as a reader and as a tag incombination with the antenna. Some designs for the IC try to have as fewpins as possible that connect with an antenna interface between the ICand the antenna. The IC may provide for frequency tuning to supportvarious antenna sizes and to tune the antenna to avoid interference withother RF signals. Some mobile device manufacturers specify the use of arelatively large antenna that is in the periphery of the mobile device,whereas other mobile device manufacturers specify the use of arelatively smaller antenna. The IC may also provide for relatively highpower dissipation for an antenna collecting relatively large RF energyfrom a reader emitting a relatively strong RF field. Typically, thedissipation of relatively high power requires a relatively largesemiconductor substrate to provide for relatively high powerdissipation. As is typical of numerous circuits in mobile devices,mobile device manufacturers make attempts to reduce the foot prints ofRFID circuits in mobile devices.

Other designs for a reader and a tag sharing an antenna may includeproviding that the IC and the antenna have a relatively hightransmission drive capability to drive a relatively high power RF signalfor reader operation with a weak tag operating according to relativelyolder ISO operating standards. The IC and antenna may be configured tohave a relatively sensitive receiver sensitivity so the IC and antennaoperating as a tag are sensitive to a relatively weak reader and/orprovide for relatively larger operating distance from the reader (e.g.,up to about 2 centimeters). In a reader mode, the drive current of anantenna may be set to a relatively small value if a tag is not detectedby the reader, and may be set to a higher value if a tag is detected bythe reader. In some designs, the IC and the antenna operating as a tagsufficiently load modulates a received signal from the reader so thatthe reader may detect the tag, for example at relatively largedistances. The IC and the antenna operating as a reader may besufficiently sensitive to load modulation of the received signal by atag so that the reader may acquire data from the tag at relatively largedistances. It is difficult to achieve these types of designs in a singleRFID circuit design.

As described briefly above, in an RFID circuit the set of externalcomponents that lie between the IC and the antenna are often referred toas the antenna interface. The antenna interface tends to have a stronginfluence over whether an RFID circuit operating as a reader and a tagperforms properly. FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic of a known RFIDcircuit 100. RFID circuit 100 includes a single antenna 110, an IC 120,and an antenna interface 125, which includes a set of externalcomponents 130. Antenna interface 125 lies between antenna 110 and IC120 and is generally identified by the bracket 125 shown in FIG. 1. IC120 is configured to operate as both a reader and a tag in combinationwith antenna 110 and antenna interface 125. IC 120 includes first andsecond pins 120 a and 120 b for connection with the antenna interfaceand the antenna.

The particular external components of the set of external components,and the particular configuration of the external components providesthat numerous of the foregoing described design objective for RFID, andparticularly NFC, may not be met by RFID circuit 100. Specifically, theset of external components includes a first capacitor 130 a in serieswith a second capacitor 130 b where the second capacitor is on theantenna side of the first capacitor and is parallel with the antenna.More specifically, the first capacitor is coupled to first pin 120 a ofIC 120 and the second capacitor is coupled to second pin 120 b of IC120. The set of external components 130 also includes a set of resistors130 c, which is coupled between the antenna and the second capacitor andis coupled to the second pin 120 b of IC 120.

The external components and the configuration of the external componentsprovides, for example, that the NFC Forum Specifications for NFC cannotbe met at relatively low operating supply voltage (e.g., less than 3volts).

Further, due to the configuration of the external components, theantenna and antenna interface of RFID circuit 100 cannot be resonant atthe NFC carrier frequency when IC 120 acts as a tag, with a relativelyhigh port impedance, if it is resonant at that frequency when IC 120acts as a reader, with a relatively low port impedance. Not being ableto maintain the resonant frequency provides that the RFID circuit may bemis-tuned in a tag mode which increases the sensitivity to interferingsignals.

Another deficiency of RFID circuit 100 is that the antenna interface andantenna form a series resonant network at the antenna port.Consequently, when RFID 100 operates in reader mode, the drive currentof IC 120, is a maximum when the combination of the antenna and antennainterface, hereinafter referred to as the antenna network, is preciselytuned and is then proportional to the operating Q. The network isprecisely tuned and the operating Q is a maximum when no tag is present.The drive current of IC 120 is therefore substantially a maximum if notag is present for being read, and reduces if a tag is present for thereader to read. With the drive current of the RFID circuit atsubstantially a maximum if no tag is present, battery power of a mobiledevice, which includes the RFID circuit, will be used at a relativelyhigh rate for the majority of operation time of the mobile devicebecause for a majority of the operation time a tag is not present forbeing read. Furthermore, the resistors, 130 c, of the antenna interfaceof RFID circuit 100, which serve to reduce the maximum Q of the antennainterface and antenna and thereby reduce the maximum drive current, alsoreduce the sensitivity when RFID circuit 100 acts as a tag.

SUMMARY

In one embodiment, a radio frequency identification (RFID) circuitcomprises an antenna network, including an antenna and an antennainterface coupled to the antenna, configured to transmit and receiveradio frequency waves, wherein the antenna interface includes at leastone capacitor coupled with the antenna; and an integrated circuitincluding at least one pin coupled to at least one node of the at leastone capacitor of the antenna interface, wherein the integrated circuitis configured to operate as a reader and a tag in combination with theantenna network, and wherein the integrated circuit comprises outputcurrent and output voltage negative feedback loops and is configured toprovide an output admittance determined by a ratio of signals from thecurrent and voltage negative feedback loops, at least when the RFIDoperates as a reader, such that a frequency response of the combinedintegrated circuit and antenna is adjustable to selectivecharacteristics when operating as the reader.

In another embodiment, the current and voltage negative feedback signalsof the integrated circuit are configured such that the output admittanceincludes a resistive component, which increases an operational bandwidthof the combined integrated circuit and antenna network to a selectedvalue. In another embodiment, the current and voltage negative feedbacksignals of the integrated circuit are configured such that the outputadmittance includes a reactive component, which tunes a resonantfrequency of the combined integrated circuit and antenna network to aselected value.

In another embodiment, a radio frequency identification (RFID) circuitincludes an antenna network including an antenna and an antennainterface coupled to the antenna, configured to transmit and receiveradio frequency waves, wherein the antenna interface includes a firstcapacitor and a second capacitor coupled in series with the antenna. Anintegrated circuit includes an antenna port comprising a first contactand a second contact coupled respectively to a first node and a secondnode of the second capacitor of the antenna interface. The integratedcircuit is configured to operate as a reader and a tag in combinationwith the antenna network. The integrated circuit includes an outputcurrent and output voltage negative feedback loops from the firstcontact and the second contact that are input to an output amplifier.The integrated circuit is configured to produce a controllable outputadmittance at the antenna port by applying signals from the outputcurrent and output voltage negative feedback loops around the outputamplifier.

In another embodiment, a method includes receiving radio frequency waveswith an antenna, and wherein an integrated circuit is configured tooperate as a reader and a tag in combination with the antenna network;providing an output current negative feedback signal and an outputvoltage negative feedback signal from the antenna to the integratedcircuit; and generating an output admittance determined by a ratio ofthe output current negative feedback signal and the output voltagenegative feedback signal when operating as a reader to cause a frequencyresponse of the integrated circuit and the antenna to be adjustable toselected characteristics without increasing power consumption.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute apart of the specification, illustrate various systems, methods, andother embodiments of the disclosure. Illustrated element boundaries(e.g., boxes, groups of boxes, or other shapes) in the figures representone example of the boundaries. In some examples one element may bedesigned as multiple elements or that multiple elements may be designedas one element. In some examples, an element shown as an internalcomponent of another element may be implemented as an external componentand vice versa.

FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic of a prior art RFID circuit.

FIG. 2 is a simplified schematic of a RFID circuit according to oneembodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 3 is an example schematic of a RFID circuit according to a firstembodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 4 is an example schematic of a RFID circuit according to a secondembodiment.

FIG. 5 is an example schematic of a RFID circuit according to a thirdembodiment.

FIG. 6 is an example schematic of a RFID circuit according to a fourthembodiment.

FIG. 7 is an example schematic of a RFID circuit according to a fifthembodiment.

FIG. 8 is one embodiment of a method associated with a RFID circuit.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Described herein are systems, methods, and other embodiments that relateto antennas. More particularly, embodiments relate to antenna interfacesfor antennas including circuits for radio frequency identification(RFID).

FIG. 2 is one embodiment of a simplified schematic of an RFID circuit200. RFID circuit 200 includes an antenna 210, an integrated circuit IC220, and an antenna interface 225. Antenna interface 225 includes a setof external components 230. Antenna interface 225 is generallyidentified by the bracket shown in FIG. 2. IC 220 is configured tooperate as both a reader and a tag in combination with antenna 210 andantenna interface 225.

IC 220 includes a first pin 220 a and a second pin 220 b, which areelectrically coupled to the antenna network. While IC 220 is describedas having pins, the pins may be electrical contacts of a variety oftypes, such as the pads of an IC package, solder bumps on an IC packageor the IC itself, jacks, etc. The first pin 220 a and the second pin 220b provide a bidirectional transmission and reception port for the IC.The set of external components 230 includes a first capacitor 230 a anda second capacitor 230 b. The first capacitor includes a first node 230a 1 coupled to first pin 220 a, and includes a second node 230 a 2coupled to a first node 210 a of antenna 210. The term coupled as usedherein includes directly coupled. The first node 230 a 1 of firstcapacitor 230 a is also coupled to a first node 230 b 1 of secondcapacitor 230 b. The first node 230 b 1 of second capacitor 230 iscoupled to first pin 220 a of the IC, and the second node 230 b 2 ofsecond capacitor 230 is coupled to the second pin 220 b of the IC. Thesecond node 230 b 2 of second capacitor 230 b is also coupled to asecond node 210 b of antenna 210.

The antenna network of FIG. 2 provides a parallel resonant circuit atthe port 220 a, 220 b of IC 220. The port impedance can therefore behigh, both when the RFID acts as a reader and when it acts as a tag. Theantenna network can then be resonant at the carrier frequency in bothmodes of operation.

As the antenna network provides a parallel resonant circuit at the port220 a, 220 b, the current which IC 220 should supply to produce adesired current through antenna 210, and hence a desired field strength,is a minimum when the antenna network is precisely tuned, and variesinversely with the operating Q of the antenna network.

As the presence of a tag changes the resonant frequency and reduces theoperating Q it follows that the current which IC 220 should supply is aminimum with no tag present and tends to increase as a tag is broughtinto proximity.

Because the current which IC 220 should supply to produce a desiredcurrent through antenna 210 varies inversely with the operating Q of theantenna network it follows that the Q is desirably high to minimize thepower consumption of the IC. The Q is also desirably high to maximizethe sensitivity of the RFID when it acts as a tag. If the Q is too high,however, the RFID cannot satisfy certain transient response requirementswhen operating as a reader with the output signal modulated for datatransmission.

The Q could be reduced by adding resistors to the antenna interface, asin the example of the RFID of FIG. 1, but, since these would absorbenergy, their incorporation would increase the minimum current requiredfrom IC 220. It would also degrade the detection of load modulation datafrom a tag and reduce the sensitivity when the RFID acts as a tag.

The embodiments shown in FIG. 3 and the other embodiments circumventthis problem by configuring the integrated circuit 220 to provide adesired output admittance at the antenna port, when acting as a reader.This output admittance can be dimensioned (e.g., adjusted, controllable)such that the integrated circuit and antenna network have selectedcharacteristics, such as a desired Q and resonance.

As the admittance is generated by the integrated circuit 220, theoperational Q is reduced without any increase in the output current itneeds to supply. Furthermore the operational Q may be reduced only whenthe RFID 200 operates in reader mode: in tag mode the circuitsgenerating the output admittance may be disabled.

Note that the figures show only those parts of IC 220 used for operationas a reader, which are pertinent to this embodiment. It will beunderstood that the nodes 220 a and 220 b will also be coupled to theelements that implement functions used for operation as a tag, which arenot shown.

FIG. 3 is a simplified schematic of the RFID circuit 200 of FIG. 2 thatillustrates details of one embodiment of the IC 220.

In the ensuing discussion, the terms voltage and current refer to signalvoltages and currents. Furthermore, the essential bias current and biasvoltage generators have been omitted for clarity. It will be understood,then, that the term ground reference refers to a node at which no signalvoltage is developed.

In this embodiment IC, 220, includes a differential operationaltransconductance amplifier (OTA) 250, having input nodes 250 a 1, 250 a2 coupled to a carrier signal generator 260, and providing a firstoutput current I1, flowing between nodes 250 b 1 and 250 b 2 and coupledto the antenna port 220 a, 220 b. The amplifier (OTA) 250 is configuredto provide sufficient current to the antenna network to produce magneticfield strengths specified in the NFC standards, or others to which itmay be desirable to conform.

OTA 250 also provides a second output current I2, flowing between nodes250 c 1 and 250 c 2, and a third output current I3, flowing betweennodes 250 d 1 and 250 d 2, which are proportional to the first outputcurrent but in one embodiment are substantially smaller (e.g., 100 to1000 times smaller). Such smaller, proportional currents may be producedby, for example, the outputs of a plurality of small transistors havinginput nodes coupled to corresponding nodes of a plurality of largeoutput transistors. Of course, other configurations of elements can beimplemented.

The input voltage at port 250 a 1, 250 a 2 of OTA 250 is provided bydifferential signal summing circuit which produces an outputproportional to the difference between an input signal, Vin, and the sumof negative feedback signals derived, one from the antenna port voltageand one from the antenna port current.

There are many circuit configurations to implement voltage summingfunctions. The method and configuration disclosed herein is only oneembodiment, which is used to explain the operation of the IC 220, but isnot intended to be limiting.

The illustrative summing circuit employs a first and second transistorsM1, M2 having their drain nodes coupled, respectively, to first nodes ofnominally equal load resistors R6, R7 and to the input nodes 250 a 1,250 a 2 of OTA 250. The second nodes of resistors R6, R7 are coupled toa ground reference. The input voltage, Vin, is coupled to the sourcenodes of transistors M1, M2 via nominally equal resistors R1, R2,respectively.

A pair of nominally equal resistors, R4, R5, have first nodes coupledrespectively to the antenna port pins, 220 a, 220 b, and second nodescoupled respectively to the gate nodes of transistors M1, M2. A resistorR3 is coupled between the gate nodes of transistors M1, M2. The voltagedeveloped across R3 and coupled differentially to the gate nodes of M1,M2 is therefore a fraction R3/(R4+R5) of the antenna port voltage. Thesense of the OTA transconductance and of the connections described issuch that the voltage developed across R3 provides negative feedback.

The output current nodes 250 c 1 and 250 c 2 of OTA 250 are coupledrespectively to the source nodes of transistors M1, M2. ApplyingThevenin's theory these currents can be replaced by equivalent voltagesin series with the resistors R1, R2. These voltages are equal to theantenna port current divided by a ratio of the OTA 250 output currents,N, where N=I1/I2 and multiplied by the resistor values. The sense of thecurrents and of the connections described is such that the voltagesdeveloped across R1 and R2 provide negative feedback.

In one embodiment, the loop gain of the configuration is sufficient toensure that the input voltage, V_(in), is sensibly equal to the sum ofthe negative feedback voltages. Then, if the antenna port voltage isV_(ant) and the antenna interface 225 and antenna 210 provide anadmittance Y_(ant) at the antenna port the voltage relationships are:

$V_{in} = {{V_{ant}\frac{R\; 3}{{R\; 3} + {R\; 4}}} + {V_{ant}\frac{Y_{ant}\left( {{R\; 1} + {R\; 2}} \right)}{N}}}$or$V_{ant} = {V_{in}\frac{1}{\frac{R\; 3}{{R\; 3} + {R\; 4}} + \frac{Y_{ant}\left( {{R\; 1} + {R\; 2}} \right)}{N}}}$

The unloaded voltage gain, Mo is:

${Mo} = \frac{{R\; 4} + {R\; 5}}{R\; 3}$

The output admittance, Y_(out), is the value of Y_(ant) which wouldreduce the voltage gain, to half its unloaded value, that is:

$\begin{matrix}{Y_{out} = \frac{N\; R\; 3}{\left( {{R\; 3} + {R\; 4}} \right)\left( {{R\; 1} + {R\; 2}} \right)}} \\{= \frac{N}{{Mo}\left( {{R\; 1} + {R\; 2}} \right)}}\end{matrix}$

In this embodiment the output admittance is purely real. It iseffectively connected in parallel with capacitor 230 b. The parameterscan therefore be chosen to reduce the operational Q of the antennanetwork, so that the modulation transient response specifications can bemet.

Although the operational Q of the antenna network may be reduced in themanner described, the network itself is unchanged. The bandwidth maythus be increased without increasing the current required from OTA 250to produce a desired magnetic field strength.

In this embodiment a load modulation signal is obtained by coupling thenodes 250 d 1, 250 d 2 to the first nodes of nominally equal resistors,R10, R11, which have second nodes coupled to a ground reference.

FIG. 4 illustrates another embodiment of the IC 220 from FIG. 3 that isconfigured to have a complex output admittance. In this embodiment thecomplex form is obtained by replacing the resistor R3 of FIG. 3 by thebranch R3a, C1, R3b.

The voltage feedback factor, Bv, say, then becomes

$\begin{matrix}{{Bv} = \frac{1 + {j\; \omega \; C\; 1\left( {{R\; 3\; a} + {R\; 3\; b}} \right)}}{1 + {j\; \omega \; C\; 1\left( {{R\; 3\; a}\; + {R\; 3\; b} + {R\; 4} + {R\; 5}} \right)}}} \\{= \frac{{1 + {j\; \omega \; {Av}\; {Tv}}}\;}{{1 + {j\; \omega \; {Tv}}}\;}}\end{matrix}$${{where}\mspace{14mu} A\; v} = \frac{{R\; 3\; a} + {R\; 3\; b}}{{R\; 3\; a} + {R\; 3\; b} + {R\; 4} + {R\; 5}}$

and Tv=C1(R3a+R3b+R4+R5)

and ω is the carrier angular frequency

and j is the imaginary operator.

The output admittance becomes

$Y_{out}\begin{matrix}{= \frac{BvN}{{R\; 1} + {R\; 2}}} \\{= {\frac{1 + {j\; \omega \; A\; v\; T\; v}}{1 + {j\; \omega \; {Tv}}}\frac{N}{{R\; 1} + {R\; 2}}}}\end{matrix}$

which can comprise parallel conductive and inductive components at thecarrier frequency.

It will be understood that frequency dependent networks of varyingconfigurations could be incorporated in the voltage and/or currentfeedback paths to produce output admittances with reactive components.

Furthermore, incorporating variable elements would permit variabletuning of the antenna network resonant frequency and bandwidth. Thus, inone embodiment, the output impedance is used for controlling thebandwidth and the resonance of the antenna connected to the antennanetwork.

The load modulation signal is obtained uniquely from an image of theantenna port current in the embodiments shown in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4. Inone embodiment, the load modulation signal is obtained from a fractionof the antenna port voltage and a fraction of the antenna port current.

Modulation of the antenna load produces a modulation of the antenna portvoltage which is of opposite sense to the corresponding modulation ofthe antenna port current. The components of the load modulation signalobtained from each are therefore subtracted. This subtraction isimplemented in the embodiment shown in FIG. 5.

The antenna port 220 a, 220 b voltage feedback signal coupled to thegates of the first and second transistors M1, M2 is also coupledrespectively to the gates of third and fourth transistors, M3, M4. Theoutput current nodes 250 d 1 and 250 d 2 of OTA 250 are coupledrespectively to the source nodes of transistors M3 and M4, which arealso coupled to the first nodes of nominally equal resistors R8, R9,which have second nodes coupled to a ground reference.

The output current I3 of OTA 250 flows in opposite sense to the outputcurrent I2. The circuit is configured such that the voltage developed bythe current I2 across resistors R1 and R2, adds to the differentialvoltage established between the gate nodes of transistors M1 and M2.Consequently the voltage developed by the current I3 across resistors R8and R9, subtracts from the differential voltage established between thegate nodes of transistors M3 and M4. The load modulation signal in thisembodiment is thereby additively derived from the modulation of theantenna port current and the antenna port voltage (e.g., port 220 a, 220b).

In another embodiment, the gate nodes of transistors M3 and M4 could becoupled to receive a fraction of the antenna port voltage which differsfrom that provided between the gate nodes of transistors M1 and M2.Likewise the subtraction of the signals derived from the antenna portvoltage and current could be affected with other circuit configurations.

FIG. 5 illustrates another embodiment of the IC 220 that is configuredto provide a larger load modulation signal than that provided by theembodiments of FIG. 3 and FIG. 4. The carrier level of this signal may,however, also be larger and, in particular, the modulation index may bereduced when the antenna current is small, for example, when RFID 200 isin communication with a tag separated by near the maximum operationaldistance.

The embodiment shown in FIG. 6 offers improved performance when theantenna current is small.

The improvement is achieved by coupling the second nodes of resistors R8and R9, respectively to nodes 260 a and 260 b of the input voltagegenerator 260.

With no load modulation, and high loop gain, the input signal issensibly equal to the sum of the feedback signals derived from theantenna port voltage and from the antenna port current. The loadmodulation signal in the embodiment of FIG. 5 is obtained from thedifference of corresponding signals. In the embodiment of FIG. 6, as thegate nodes of transistors M3 and M4 are coupled, respectively, to thegate nodes of transistors M1 and M2, the load modulation signal derivedfrom the antenna port voltage is equal to the corresponding feedbacksignal component.

It follows that the differential voltage developed between the gatenodes of transistors M3 and M4 from the antenna port voltage will bematched by that fraction of the input voltage matching the antennavoltage feedback component.

The carrier level of the load modulation signal produced by thisembodiment is thus simply proportional to the antenna port current andindependent of the voltage. It is therefore low when the antenna portcurrent is low, so the modulation index is improved.

Note that cancellation of the carrier component derived from the antennavoltage signal does not imply cancellation of the correspondingmodulation sidebands. This is because while a fixed fraction of theinput voltage matches the voltage feedback signal when the load isunmodulated, the repartition between the voltage and current feedbackcomponents varies when the load is modulated.

The antenna port voltages for the embodiments of FIGS. 3, 4, 5 and 6vary if the antenna port load varies, because RFID 200 is designed toprovide a finite output impedance. In another embodiment, however, thevoltage Vin may be adapted to maintain the antenna port voltage at apreferred level, for example close to the maximum at which the ICfabrication process permits.

This can be accomplished by incorporating an automatic level control(ALC) circuit.

FIG. 7 shows another embodiment of the IC 220 shown in FIG. 6 that isconfigured with an automatic level control (ALC) circuit. For example,the ALC includes a voltage level detector 265, a voltage comparator 270,and a variable gain amplifier 275. Details of these elements are notillustrated since their specific circuitry can be implemented in manyways to perform their functions and that the configurations may dependon the characteristics of the IC fabrication process and/or on designchoices pertaining to the complete RFID unit.

In one embodiment, the voltage level detector 265 may be configured toprovide an output which rapidly tracks the peak signal level, includingthe modulation envelope when load modulation is expected, or it may beconfigured to act as a peak detector, providing an output which respondsrapidly to an increase in the signal envelope but slowly to a reduction.Conceptually, an ALC loop employing a peak voltage detector could remainactive while the reader transmits data.

If a peak detector is used, the input voltage V_(in) may adapt to aninitial load reduction when load modulation is initiated by a tag, butwill remain substantially constant during the load modulation interval.The load modulation signal is then produced in the manner described forthe forgoing embodiments.

If a detector which tracks the modulation envelope is used, the voltageat the output of the variable gain block will be modulated to suppressload modulation of the antenna port voltage. This suppression increasesthe modulation of the antenna port current. It can be shown that thisproduces a load modulation signal with a modulation index which is equalto, or higher than, that produced when a peak detector is used.

FIG. 8 illustrates one embodiment of a method 800 for processingwireless signals by the RFID circuit 200 shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. At 810,radio frequency waves are received with an antenna network including anantenna 210 and an antenna interface 225 coupled to the antenna 210 (asshown in FIGS. 2 and 3). As explained previously, the integrated circuit220 is configured to operate as a reader and a tag in combination withthe antenna network. At 820, output current and output voltage negativefeedback signals are provided from the antenna network to the integratedcircuit 220. For example, two feedback paths are illustrated in FIG. 3,one path including resistor R4 and the other including the path withresistor R5.

At 830, an output admittance is generated and determined by a ratio ofthe output current and output voltage negative feedback signals whenoperating as a reader. This causes a frequency response of theintegrated circuit 220 and the antenna network to be adjustable toselected characteristics without increasing power consumption. Thesefeatures are described in relation to the FIG. 3 and are not repeatedhere.

At 840, when the integrated circuit 220 is in communication with anearby tag, data from the tag is recuperated by subtracting the outputcurrent and output voltage negative feedback signals to generate asignal with a greater modulation index. These features are described inrelation to the FIG. 3 and are not repeated here.

With the embodiments of the IC 220 and the antenna interface 225 asdisclosed herein, the IC 220 is configured to produce an outputconductance and/or susceptance at the antenna port 220 a, 220 b byapplying voltage and current negative feedback around the outputamplifier 250. The two feedback signals are added and their ratiodetermines the output impedance. Producing an output conductance in thismanner allows control of the bandwidth of the system at no cost in powerconsumption. For example, the output impedance is used for controllingthe bandwidth and the resonance of the antenna connected to the antennanetwork. This is in contrast to the use of switching resistors acrossthe port as in FIG. 1, which would considerably increase the powerconsumption.

In another embodiment, the IC 220, when acting as a so-called “reader”is configured to extract a signal produced by a tag with which itcommunicates. The tag (not shown) returns data by effectively switchinga capacitor or resistor across its antenna coil. This produces acorresponding variation of the impedance of the antenna 210.

In the prior art, this data was recuperated from the variation in theoutput current. With the present IC 220, the data is recuperated bysubtracting the voltage and current feedback signals, which provides asignal with a higher modulation index.

In another embodiment, the IC 220 can further increase the modulationindex of the recuperated load modulation signal by subtracting a carriercomponent from it.

DEFINITIONS

The following includes definitions of selected terms employed herein.The definitions include various examples and/or forms of components thatfall within the scope of a term and that may be used for implementation.The examples are not intended to be limiting. Both singular and pluralforms of terms may be within the definitions.

References to “one embodiment”, “an embodiment”, “one example”, “anexample”, and so on, indicate that the embodiment(s) or example(s) sodescribed may include a particular feature, structure, characteristic,property, element, or limitation, but that not every embodiment orexample necessarily includes that particular feature, structure,characteristic, property, element or limitation. Furthermore, repeateduse of the phrase “in one embodiment” does not necessarily refer to thesame embodiment, though it may.

“Logic”, as used herein, includes but is not limited to hardware,firmware, instructions stored on a non-transitory medium or in executionon a machine, and/or combinations of each to perform a function(s) or anaction(s), and/or to cause a function or action from another logic,method, and/or system. Logic may include a software controlledmicroprocessor, a discrete logic (e.g., ASIC), an analog circuit, adigital circuit, a programmed logic device, a memory device containinginstructions, and so on. Logic may include one or more gates,combinations of gates, or other circuit components. Where multiplelogics are described, it may be possible to incorporate the multiplelogics into one physical logic. Similarly, where a single logic isdescribed, it may be possible to distribute that single logic betweenmultiple physical logics. One or more of the components and functionsdescribed herein may be implemented using one or more of the logicelements.

To the extent that the term “includes” or “including” is employed in thedetailed description or the claims, it is intended to be inclusive in amanner similar to the term “comprising” as that term is interpreted whenemployed as a transitional word in a claim.

While example systems, methods, and so on have been illustrated bydescribing examples, and while the examples have been described inconsiderable detail, it is not the intention of the applicants torestrict or in any way limit the scope of the appended claims to suchdetail. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivablecombination of components or methodologies for purposes of describingthe systems, methods, and so on described herein. Therefore, thedisclosure is not limited to the specific details, the representativeapparatus, and illustrative examples shown and described. Thus, thisapplication is intended to embrace alterations, modifications, andvariations that fall within the scope of the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A radio frequency identification (RFID) circuitcomprising: an antenna network, including an antenna and an antennainterface coupled to the antenna, configured to transmit and receiveradio frequency waves, wherein the antenna interface includes at leastone capacitor coupled with the antenna; and an integrated circuitincluding at least one pin coupled to at least one node of the at leastone capacitor of the antenna interface, wherein the integrated circuitis configured to operate as a reader and a tag in combination with theantenna network, and wherein the integrated circuit comprises outputcurrent and output voltage negative feedback loops and is configured toprovide an output admittance determined by a ratio of signals from thecurrent and voltage negative feedback loops, at least when the RFIDoperates as a reader, such that a frequency response of the combinedintegrated circuit and antenna is adjustable to selectivecharacteristics when operating as the reader.
 2. The RFID circuitaccording to claim 1, wherein the current and voltage negative feedbacksignals of the integrated circuit are configured such that the outputadmittance includes a resistive component, which is configured toincrease an operational bandwidth of the combined integrated circuit andantenna network to a selected value.
 3. The RFID circuit according toclaim 1, wherein the current and voltage negative feedback signals ofthe integrated circuit are configured such that the output admittanceincludes a reactive component, which is configured to tune a resonantfrequency of the combined integrated circuit and antenna network to aselected value.
 4. The RFID circuit according to claim 1, wherein asignal voltage developed by the integrated circuit at the antennainterface is adjustable to a selected level by an automatic levelcontrol loop comprising: a voltage level detector coupled to an input tothe antenna interface, a voltage comparator configured to provide anoutput in response to the difference between a output of the voltagelevel detector and a reference voltage, and a variable gain circuitconfigured to receive a constant input signal voltage and provide a gainresponsive to the output of the voltage comparator and having an outputcoupled to an input of an amplifier means configured in the integratedcircuit.
 5. The RFID circuit according to claim 1 wherein the integratedcircuit includes an amplifier means for amplifying signals and whereinsaid amplifier means is configured to provide a plurality ofproportional output current signals, wherein a first output currentsignal is coupled to flow between a first pin and a second pin of the atleast one pin to provide power to the antenna network, a second outputcurrent signal is coupled to the amplifier means input via circuitmeans, to provide a negative feedback signal, and a third output currentsignal is connected to provide an input to circuit means producing anoutput responsive to load modulation of a tag when the tag iselectromagnetically coupled to the antenna.
 6. The RFID circuitaccording to claim 5, wherein one of said output current signalsprovides a signal proportional to an input admittance of the antennanetwork, wherein the antenna network is configured to receive datatransmitted from the tag coupled electromagnetically to the antenna, bya modulation of a load of the tag.
 7. The RFID circuit according toclaim 5, wherein the integrated circuit is configured such that one ofsaid output current signals develops a voltage from which is subtractedan image of the voltage developed at the antenna interface, to provide asignal proportional to an input admittance of the antenna network,wherein the antenna network is configured to receive data transmittedfrom a tag coupled electromagnetically to the antenna, by a modulationof a load of the tag.
 8. The RFID circuit according to claim 1, whereinthe at least one capacitor comprises a first capacitor and a secondcapacitor coupled in series with the antenna.
 9. A radio frequencyidentification (RFID) circuit comprising: an antenna network includingan antenna and an antenna interface coupled to the antenna, configuredto transmit and receive radio frequency waves, wherein the antennainterface includes a first capacitor and a second capacitor coupled inseries with the antenna; and an integrated circuit including an antennaport comprising a first contact and a second contact coupledrespectively to a first node and a second node of the second capacitorof the antenna interface, wherein the integrated circuit is configuredto operate as a reader and a tag in combination with the antennanetwork; wherein the integrated circuit includes an output current andoutput voltage negative feedback loops from the first contact and thesecond contact that are input to an output amplifier; and wherein theintegrated circuit is configured to produce a controllable outputadmittance at the antenna port by applying signals from the outputcurrent and output voltage negative feedback loops around the outputamplifier.
 10. The radio frequency identification circuit of claim 9,wherein the first capacitor of the antenna interface includes a firstnode connected to the first contact of the antenna port and to the firstnode of the second capacitor; and a second node of the first capacitoris connected to a first node of the antenna; wherein the second node ofthe second capacitor of the antenna interface is connected to a secondnode of the antenna and to the second contact of the antenna port. 11.The radio frequency identification circuit of claim 9, wherein theintegrated circuit is configured to combine the signals from the outputcurrent and output voltage negative feedback loops and where a ratio ofthe signals determines an output admittance for controlling a bandwidthand a resonance frequency of the combined integrated circuit and antennanetwork, to a selected value.
 12. The radio frequency identificationcircuit of claim 9, wherein the output voltage negative feedback pointis connected to a gate of a first transistor and to a gate of a secondtransistor, wherein the output current negative feedback points areconnected to a source of the first transistor and to a source of thesecond transistor, wherein a drain of the first transistor is connectedto a first input of the output amplifier and a drain of the secondtransistor is connected to a second input of the output amplifier. 13.The radio frequency identification circuit of claim 9, whereinintegrated circuit is configured to recuperate data from a tag incommunication with the integrated circuit by combining the signals fromthe outputs of the current and voltage negative feedback loops and thetransmit input signal, to generate a signal with a high modulation indexand reduced carrier amplitude.
 14. The radio frequency identificationcircuit of claim 9, wherein the output amplifier is a differentialoperational transconductance amplifier having input nodes coupled to acarrier signal generator, and wherein the output amplifier is configuredto provide a first output current flowing between nodes coupled to theantenna port.
 15. A method comprising: receiving radio frequency waveswith an antenna, and wherein an integrated circuit is configured tooperate as a reader and a tag in combination with the antenna network;providing an output current negative feedback signal and an outputvoltage negative feedback signal from the antenna to the integratedcircuit; and generating an output admittance determined by a ratio ofthe output current negative feedback signal and the output voltagenegative feedback signal when operating as a reader to cause a frequencyresponse of the integrated circuit and the antenna to be adjustable toselected characteristics without increasing power consumption.
 16. Themethod of claim 15, further comprising recuperating data from a tag incommunication with the integrated circuit by combining the outputcurrent and output voltage negative feedback signals to generate asignal with a greater modulation index and a lower carrier amplitude.17. The method of claim 15, further comprising producing an outputimpedance at an antenna port connecting the integrated circuit and anantenna interface by applying the output current and output voltagenegative feedback signals around an output amplifier in the integratedcircuit; and adding the output current and output voltage negativefeedback signals wherein a ratio of the signals determines an outputimpedance for controlling a bandwidth and a resonance of the antenna.